Dengan senyum kita bisa menghargai orang lain
untuk itu Senyum yuk!
Diterima jadi pacar sang pujaan hati, tersenyumlah
Dapat kenaikan gaji, tersenyumlah
Sendiri di malam hari tanpa kekasih, tersenyumlah! karena
Meski pahit rasanya, tersenyumlah!
Welcome To Puspo Dwi Aditya's Zone
2. Mematikan identitas pemancar
Dengan mengumumkan kepada umum bahwa Anda memiliki suatu jaringan nirkabel akan membuat para hacker penasaran untuk membobol jaringan nirkabel Anda. Mempunyai suatu jaringan nirkabel bukan berarti harus memberitahukannya kepada semua orang. Periksalah secara manual perangkat keras yang Anda pakai untuk jaringan nirkabel tersebut, dan pelajarilah bagaimana cara mematikannya.
3. Sediakanlah enkripsi
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) and WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) dapat meng-enkripsi data Anda sehingga hanya penerima saja yang diharapkan dapat membaca data tersebut. WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) mempunyai banyak kelemahan yang membuatnya mudah disusupi. Kunci 128-bit hanya mempunyai tingkat pencapaian yang relatif rendah tanpa peningkatan keamanan yang signifikan, sedangkan untuk 40-bit atau 64-bit pada beberapa perlengkapan lainnya, mempunyai enkripsi yang sama baiknya. Dengan cara pengamanan yang standart saja pastilah tetap akan mudah bagi hacker untuk menyusup, namun dengan cara enkripsi ini pastilah akan membuat jaringan Anda lebih aman dari hacker. Jika memungkinkan, ada baiknya untuk menggunakan enkripsi WPA (peralatan yang lebih tua dapat diupgrade terlebih dahulu agar compatible dengan WPA). WPA dapat sangat menjanjikan dalam menjamin keamanan jaringan nirkabel Anda, namun masih tetap dapat dikalahkan oleh serangan DOS (denial of services).
4. Membatasi dari penggunaan traffic yang tidak perlu
Banyak router jaringan kabel maupun nirkabel yang dilengkapi firewalls. Bukan bermaksud mengedepankan firewalls, namun firewalls telah membantu dalam pertahanan keamanan jaringan. Bacalah petunjuk manual dari perangkat keras Anda dan pelajarilah cara pengaturan konfigurasi router Anda, sehingga hanya traffic yang sudah seijin Anda saja yang dapat dijalankan.
5. Ubahlah 'kata sandi' default Administrator milik Anda
Hal ini baik untuk semua penggunaan perangkat keras maupun perangkat lunak. Kata sandi default sangat mudah disalahgunakan, terutama oleh para hacker. Oleh karena itu sebaiknya ubahlah kata sandi Anda, hindari penggunaan kata dari hal-hal pribadi Anda yang mudah diketahui orang, seperti nama belakang, tanggal lahir, dan sebagainya.
6. Kunci dan lindungilah komputer Anda
Hal ini merupakan cara pengamanan terakhir untuk komputer Anda. Gunakanlah firewall, perangkat lunak Anti Virus, Zone Alarm, dan lain sebagainya. Setidaknya setiap satu minggu perbaharuilah Anti Virus yang Anda pakai.
(dna)
Affirmative
Subject
to have
past participle
She
has
visited
Negative
Subject
to have + not
past participle
She
hasn't
visited
Interrogative
to have
subject
past participle
Has
she
visited..?
Interrogative negative to have + not subject past participle Hasn't she visited...?
Example: to walk, present perfect
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I have walked
I haven't walked
Have I walked?
You have walked
You haven't walked
Have you walked?
He, she, it has walked
He, she, it hasn't walked
Has he,she,it walked
We have walked
We haven't walked
Have we walked?
You have walked
You haven't walked
Have you walked?
They have walked
They haven't walked
Have they walked?
2. Present perfect, function
The Present Perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.
BE CAREFUL! There may be a verb tense in your language with a similar form, but the meaning is probably NOT the same.
The present perfect is used to describe:
1.An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. Example: I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.)
2. An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. Example: She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and the week isn't over yet.)
3. A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. Example: We have visited Portugal several times.
4. An action that was completed in the very recent past, (expressed by 'just'). Example: I have just finished my work.
5. An action when the time is not important. Example: He has read 'War and Peace'. (the result of his reading is important)
Note: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past. Example: He read 'War and Peace' last week.
Examples:
1. Actions started in the past and continuing in the present.
a. They haven't lived here for years.
b. She has worked in the bank for five years.
c. We have had the same car for ten years.
d. Have you played the piano since you were a child?
2. When the time period referred to has not finished.
a. I have worked hard this week.
b. It has rained a lot this year.
c. We haven't seen her today.
3. Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now.
a. They have seen that film six times.
b. It has happened several times already.
c. She has visited them frequently.
d. We have eaten at that restaurant many times.
4. Actions completed in the very recent past (+just).
a. Have you just finished work?
b. I have just eaten.
c. We have just seen her.
d. Has he just left?
5. When the precise time of the action is not important or not known.
a. Someone has eaten my soup!
b. Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
c. She's studied Japanese, Russian and English.
SIMPLE PAST
BE CAREFUL! The simple past in English may look like a tense in your own language, but the meaning may be different.
1. Simple past, form
Regular verbs: base+ed
e.g. walked, showed, watched, played, smiled, stopped
Irregular verbs: see list in verbs
Simple past, be, have, do:
Subject Verb Be
Have
Do
I
was
had
did
You
were
had
did
He, she, it
was
had
did
We
were
had
did
You
were
had
did
They
were
had
did
Affirmative
a. I was in Japan last year
b. She had a headache yesterday.
c. We did our homework last night.
Negative and interrogative
Note: For the negative and interrogative simple past form of "do" as an ordinary verb, use the auxiliary "do", e.g. We didn't do our homework last night. The negative of "have" in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary "do", but sometimes by simply adding not or the contraction "n't".
The interrogative form of "have" in the simple past normally uses the auxiliary "do".
- They weren't in Rio last summer.
- We hadn't any money.
- We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
- We didn't do our exercises this morning.
- Were they in Iceland last January?
- Did you have a bicycle when you were a boy?
- Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?
Simple past, regular verbs
Affirmative
Subject
verb + ed
I
washed
Negative
Subject
did not
infinitive without to
They
didn't
visit ...
Interrogative
Did
subject
infinitive without to
Did
she
arrive...?
Interrogative negative
Did not
subject
infinitive without to
Didn't
you
like..?
Example: to walk, simple past.
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I walked
I didn't walk
Did I walk?
You walked
You didn't walk
Did you walk?
He,she,it walked
He didn't walk
Did he walk?
We walked
We didn't walk
Did we walk?
You walked
You didn't walk
Did you walk?
They walked
They didn't walk
Did they walk?
Note: For the negative and interrogative form of all verbs in the simple past, always use the auxiliary 'did''.
Examples: Simple past, irregular verbs
to go
a. He went to a club last night.
b. Did he go to the cinema last night?
c. He didn't go to bed early last night.
to give
d. We gave her a doll for her birthday.
e. They didn't give John their new address.
f. Did Barry give you my passport?
to come
g. My parents came to visit me last July.
h. We didn't come because it was raining.
i. Did he come to your party last week?
2. Simple past, function
The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past.
- John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
- My father died last year.
- He lived in Fiji in 1976.
- We crossed the Channel yesterday.
You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with certain past time expressions
Examples:
- frequency:
often, sometimes, always; - a definite point in time:
last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago. - an indefinite point in time:
the other day, ages ago, a long time ago etc.
Note: the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into the past. It is placed after the period of time e.g. a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.
Examples:
a. Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
b. She finished her work at seven o'clock.
c. We saw a good film last week.
d. I went to the theatre last night.
e. She played the piano when she was a child.
f. He sent me a letter six months ago.
g. Peter left five minutes ago.
Countable Nouns | Uncountable Nouns | - | |
much | x | I don't have much money. | |
many | x | - | I don't have many apples. |
few* | x | - | We know few people in the area. I would like to get to know more. |
a few** | x | - | We know a few people in the area. I know enough people to keep me happy. |
little* | - | x | I know little English. I am going to have a problem getting around England. |
a little** | - | x | I know a little English, at least enough to get England. |
enough | x | x | I have enough money. |
plenty | x | x | I have plenty of money. |
I am studying.
I am studying with María.
I am studying now.
I am studying with María tonight.
I am studying now.
(use present progressive)
I am studying with María tonight.
(do not use present progressive)
Estoy hablando.
I am speaking.
Juan está comiendo.
John is eating.
María está escribiendo una carta.
Mary is writing a letter.
estar
estoy
estás
está
estamos
estáis
están
hablar: hablando
(hablar - ar + ando)
trabajar: trabajando
(trabajar - ar + ando)
estudiar: estudiando
(estudiar - ar + ando)
comer: comiendo
(comer - er + iendo)
hacer: haciendo
(hacer - er + iendo)
vivir: viviendo
(vivir - ir + iendo)
escribir: escribiendo
(escribir - ir + iendo)
servir: sirviendo
pedir: pidiendo
decir: diciendo
dormir: durmiendo
morir: muriendo
poder: pudiendo
caer: cayendo
creer: creyendo
huir: huyendo
ir: yendo
influir: influyendo
oír: oyendo
traer: trayendo
leer: leyendo
seguir: siguiendo
hablar: hablando (-ar)
comer: comiendo (-er)
vivir: viviendo (-ir)
decir: diciendo (e:i)
dormir: durmiendo (o:u)
leer: leyendo (orthographic)
seguir: siguiendo (orthographic)
Juan está comiendo pan.
John is eating bread.
María y Carmen están hablando con nosotros.
Mary and Carmen are speaking with us.
Estudio español. (Present Indicative)
I study Spanish.
I am studying Spanish (these days).
I do study Spanish.
Estoy estudiando español. (Present Progressive)
I am studying (right now, at this moment) Spanish.
Present Progressive
estar + present participle
I am speaking (right now, at this moment)
Never use present progressive for something that will occur in the future.
Present Participle (-ando, -iendo, yendo)hablar - hablando (-ar)
comer - comiendo (-er)
vivir - viviendo (-ir)
decir - diciendo (e:i)
dormir - durmiendo (o:u)
leer - leyendo (orthographic)
seguir: siguiendo (orthographic)
Voice over Internet Protocol (juga disebut VoIP, IP Telephony, Internet telephony atau Digital Phone) adalah teknologi yang memungkinkan percakapan suara jarak jauh melalui media internet. Data suara diubah menjadi kode digital dan dialirkan melalui jaringan yang mengirimkan paket-paket data, dan bukan lewat sirkuit analog telepon biasa.
Definisi VoIP adalah suara yang dikirim melalui protokol internet (IP).
Perbandingan dengan jaringan suara konvensional